Fish-mediated nutrient recycling and the trophic cascade in lakes

نویسنده

  • José Luiz Attayde
چکیده

The effects of planktivorous fish on phytoplankton through nutrient recycling and zooplankton herbivory were experimentally separated and their relative importance quantified in a eutrophic humic lake. Natural phytoplankton assemblages were incubated in nutrient-permeable chambers placed inside enclosures with or without fish. Outside these chambers, phytoplankton were exposed to zooplankton herbivory and to nutrient recycling by fish and zooplankton, whereas inside the chambers, phytoplankton were exposed only to nutrient recycling by these consumers. Our results show that fish had significant positive effects on cyanobacteria, cryptomonads, and chlorophytes inside the chambers, indicating that fish-mediated nutrient recycling had significant effects on these phytoplankton groups. However, our results also indicate that changes in zooplankton grazing induced by fish were an important mechanism by which fish affected all phytoplankton groups except cyanobacteria. Comparison of effect sizes revealed that the effects on cyanobacteria and chlorophytes through nutrient recycling were stronger than those through zooplankton grazing. Moreover, most of the fish-mediated nutrient recycling effects were due to increased nutrient recycling by zooplankton rather than direct nutrient excretion by fish. In conclusion, we provide experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that fish-mediated nutrient recycling is an important mechanism affecting phytoplankton community structure and favoring cyanobacteria dominance in lakes. Attayde and Hansson Résumé : Les effets des poissons planctonophages sur le phytoplancton par le biais du recyclage des éléments nutritifs et l’herbivorie du zooplancton ont pu être séparés expérimentalement et leurs importances relatives quantifiées dans un lac humique eutrophe. Des peuplements naturels de phytoplancton ont été mis en incubation dans des contenants perméables aux nutriments placés dans des enceintes avec ou sans poissons. À l’extérieur des contenants, le phytoplancton était exposé à l’herbivorie du zooplancton et au recyclage des éléments nutritifs par le zooplancton et les poissons, alors que, dans les contenants, le phytoplancton était exposé seulement au recyclage des nutriments par ces consommateurs. Nos résultats indiquent que les poissons ont des effets positifs sur les cyanobactéries, les cryptomonadines et les chlorophytes à l’intérieur des contenants, ce qui montre que le recyclage des nutriments généré par les poissons a des effets significatifs sur ces groupes phytoplanctoniques. Cependant, nos résultats indiquent aussi que le broutage du zooplancton sous l’effet des poissons est un mécanisme significatif par lequel les poissons affectent les groupes phytoplanctoniques, à l’exception des cyanobactéries. Une comparaison des importances relatives des effets montre que les conséquences sur les cyanobactéries et les chlorophytes du recyclage des nutriments sont plus grandes que celles du broutage du zooplancton. De plus, la plupart des effets dus au recyclage des éléments par l’action des poissons sont occasionnés par un recyclage accru des nutriments par le zooplancton, plutôt que par une excrétion directe de nutriments par les poissons. En conclusion, on trouve ici des preuves expérimentales que le recyclage des nutriments par l’action des poissons est un mécanisme important qui affecte la structure de la communauté phytoplanctonique et qui favorise la dominance des cyanobactéries dans les lacs. [Traduit par la Rédaction] 1931

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تاریخ انتشار 2001